Notably, a critical limit of Fines/Coarse exist before and after which the general trend in runout length contradicted each other. Experimental investigation reveals a strong correlation between runout characteristics and the Fines/Coarse ratio in the debris mixture. To address this knowledge gap, a laboratory-scale debris flow flume was developed to investigate the influence of material gradation and slope angle on the runout characteristics of overburden (OB) material. Although pre-failure deformational behaviors have received significant attention in scientific literature, the need for comprehensive post-failure runout studies has only recently been recognized, driven by the increase in waste dump failure accidents. Determining the size of this buffer zone depends on the potential mobility of the failing mass, determined by its runout length and runout area. To mitigate the risk of unwarranted failures and enhance safety measures, the establishment of a buffer zone surrounding the periphery of in-pit dumps is necessary, restricting or prohibiting worker and machinery movement. The heterogeneous nature of these dumps and the limited understanding of their engineering behavior contribute to frequent failures. Failure of in-pit overburden dumps in open-pit coal mines triggers the flow of debris toward the active working face, posing threats to personnel and equipment safety.
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